Aphid
Aphididae
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Pennsylvania
Host(s): American beech
Aerial surveys in Pennsylvania found damage to American beech trees on 455 acres in Lackawanna and Monroe Counties.
Aspen leaf beetle
Chrysomela crotchi
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Pennsylvania
Host(s): Quaking aspen
Aerial surveys in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, found 336 acres of quaking aspen defoliated by this beetle.
Bagworm moth
This defoliator damaged conifers in nurseries in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. In West Virginia, light to moderate populations caused moderate defoliation to boxelder trees statewide and to black locust trees in the eastern panhandle counties.
Balsam gall
midge
Paradiplosis
tumifex
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
Host(s):
Balsam fir
Although balsam gall midge has little or no impact on
forest trees, it caused very significant damage to the Christmas tree and
wreath industries in Maine where populations of this pest remained moderate to
high. High populations were scattered
throughout New Hampshire. In Vermont,
damage remained high in Christmas tree plantations and on wild balsam fir
trees.
Balsam shoot boring sawfly
Pleroneura
brunneicornis
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Vermont
Host(s): Balsam and fraser fir
Adults were more abundant in 2000 than during 1999 in Maine, but numbers were far below the extremely high numbers seen in 1998. However, damage this year in Maine was light. In Vermont, damage was common but lighter than expected, probably due to less adult egg laying during the cold weather after adult emergence.
Balsam twig aphid
Mindarus
abietinus
Region
9/Northeastern Area: Maine
Host(s): Balsam fir
Damage
from light to moderate populations was scattered in forest stands over much of
Maine.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont
Host(s): Balsam fir, white spruce, red spruce, black spruce, hemlock
In Maine, monitoring of low level spruce budworm populations continued in the form of field observations, a statewide light trap network, and pheromone baited traps. No larvae were found and no defoliation was detected. The number of budworm caught per trap decreased from 1.7 in 1999 to 0.4 in 2000 making the 2000 catch the lowest since 1995. In New Hampshire, no defoliation was detected and pheromone trap catches were very low. A total of 1,727 adult moths were caught in 93 traps in New York. Also, 551 acres were moderately defoliated in Essex County, New York. In Vermont, there was no noticeable defoliation and the number of moths caught in pheromone traps increased dramatically to the highest counts since 1983. The 28,481 acres of significant defoliation in northeastern Minnesota forests this year was much below the 69,620 acres reported in 1999. This year represented the 47th consecutive year of spruce budworm defoliation in Minnesota.
Eastern tent caterpillar
For
the first time since forest pest conditions have been recorded in Indiana, an
outbreak of eastern tent caterpillars completely defoliated most black cherry
trees regardless of their size in the south central part of that State. The defoliation was not limited solely to
trees along roads and fencerows, but extended into yards around homes and
forest trees as well. Because black cherry
in this part of Indiana is a small component of the forest, no acreage estimate
was made about the extent of this outbreak.
This defoliator damaged cherry and crab apple trees in nurseries in
Hunterdon County, New Jersey. In Ohio,
cherry trees were completely defoliated in portions of Adams, Athens, Brown,
Fairfield, Meigs, Perry, Pike, Scioto, and Vinton Counties. Maple, beech, and birch trees on 2,500 acres
in Bedford and Blair Counties, Pennsylvania, had damaged foliage or
shoots. Light to moderate defoliation
was observed over most of West Virginia with heavy populations reported in
Putnam, Kanawha, Lincoln, and Boone Counties.
Population densities rose in Maine in 2000, but defoliation was light
overall. In Vermont, light defoliation
was common.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts
Host(s): Maples, oaks, other hardwoods
Light
to moderate defoliation of maples, singly and in groups, occurred in the
Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC. The
communities of Cheverly, College Park, and Accokeek had nuisance levels of
caterpillars in the spring accompanied by spotty defoliation. In Maine, populations collapsed to endemic
levels in 2000. Noticeable defoliation
occurred in Plymouth and Norfolk Counties, Massachusetts.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Vermont
Host(s): Apple, ash, beech, birch, black cherry, cherry, elm, other hardwoods
Fall
webworm caterpillars were much less numerous than in previous years in the
central and western parts of Maryland.
This defoliator damaged maple, beech, and birch trees on approximately
30,000 acres in Lycoming, Potter, and Tioga Counties, Pennsylvania. Populations and damage in Maine were
extremely high, especially in the southwestern counties (Cumberland, York,
Oxford) where more than 10,000 acres were affected. Many trees were totally stripped and webbed by mid-August and
populations caused spotty defoliation elsewhere in Maine. Populations were low throughout New
Hampshire. Populations continue to be
high throughout Vermont.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Minnesota, Michigan, New Hampshire, Vermont, Wisconsin
Host(s): Aspen, basswood, pin oak, sweetgum, other hardwoods
Defoliation occurred in Minnesota over more than 2,000,000 acres, up from nearly 500,000 acres in 1999. The outbreak in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan defoliated over 700,000 acres, up from 163,000 acres in 1999. Wisconsin sustained over 100,000 acres of defoliation, up from 47,000 acres in 1999. In Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, the endemic populations in 2000 caused no visible defoliation.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: New Jersey
Host(s): Oaks
Severe defoliation was delineated on 595 acres in three areas of Ocean County near Barneget, New Jersey.
Hemlock looper (fall flying)
Lambdina
fiscellaria
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New York, Vermont
Host(s): Eastern hemlock, balsam fir, white spruce
For
the first time in Maine since the last hemlock looper outbreak (1989-1993), a
small area of looper defoliation was found in the Town of York (York
County). About 100 acres of mature
hemlock received moderate defoliation in this area. Many reports that looper moths were flying in large numbers were
noted in forested areas of east coastal, central, and northern Maine. In Massachusetts, abundant moth flights were
observed, but no defoliation was found.
In New Hampshire, moths were abundant in hemlock stands throughout the
state, but very light defoliation was seen only in Cheshire County. In New York, large numbers of moths were
observed in Rensselaer County without causing significant defoliation. Neither damage nor significant larval
populations occurred in Vermont, but moths were commonly observed.
Jack pine budworm
Choristoneura pinus
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Michigan
Host(s): Jack pine
In Michigan, over 18,000 acres were defoliated compared with 10,500 acres in 1999.
Jumping oak gall wasp
Neuroterus saltatorius
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Indiana, Missouri
Host(s): Bur oak, white oak
Brown leaves with many wasp galls were visible on heavily infested trees in eastern Missouri for the third consecutive year. By mid- to late summer of 2000, this foliar damage and associated leaf drop were evident over 592,440 acres in Lincoln, Pike, St. Charles and Warren Counties, Missouri, immediately northwest of St. Louis. This infestation has shifted from the much larger area to the south of St. Louis which was affected in 1999. By contrast, the 1 million acres similarly affected by this insect in the south-central part of Indiana during 1999 disappeared after the first year to the point where foliar damage was reported on only a single white oak tree in 2000.
Large aspen tortrix
Choristoneura
conflictana
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Vermont
Host(s): Bigtooth aspen
In Pennsylvania, bigtooth aspen trees on 100 acres had damaged foliage or shoots. The large aspen tortrix defoliated only 2,579 acres across Michigan in 2000, down from nearly 400,000 acres in 1999. The 63,942 acres of defoliation reported in Minnesota was down from 336,170 acres in 1999. Scattered and very light defoliation was observed across northern Maine and Vermont.
Locust leafminer
Odontota dorsalis
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia
Host(s): Black locust
Locust leafminer severely damage host trees in portions of Ohio during the late summer. Statewide in Pennsylvania, noticeable defoliation occurred on approximately 1,000,000 acres. In most of the eastern panhandle counties West Virginia, the first generation of this defoliator during June caused moderate to heavy defoliation, but the second generation during August added only minimal defoliation. Locust leafminer defoliation was moderate to extreme throughout the range of black locust in Maine, but only light in the central part of New Hampshire. In scattered southeastern Vermont locations, black locust trees with a history of defoliation, died after being defoliated again this year.
Maple leafcutter
Paraclemensia
acerifoliella
Region
9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont
Host(s): Sugar maple
In
Maine, populations of this moth and its damage remained light and diffused
again in 2000 within roughly the same area infested in 1999. In New Hampshire, approximately 2,300 acres
of moderate to heavy defoliation occurred in Grafton and Sullivan
Counties. Populations of this moth
increased substantially in Vermont causing heavy late-season defoliation
statewide.
Maple trumpet skeletonizer
Epinotia
aceriella
Region
9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont
Host(s): Sugar maple
Damage was locally moderate in Maine, and moderate to heavy in Cheshire, Sullivan, Grafton and Coos Counties, New Hampshire. The similar abundant larval populations of this moth over the last two years in Vermont occasionally have caused heavy damage to sugar maple stands.
Oak leaftier
Croesia semipurpurana
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Pennsylvania, West Virginia
Host(s): Black oak, northern red oak, scarlet oak
Defoliation by oak leaftier in association with the oak skeletonizer, Bucculatrix ainsliella, was fairly widespread across southern Maine in 2000 compared to the light and spotty defoliation in 1999. Surveys revealed 766 acres of defoliation and 53 acres of tree mortality to red oaks in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. In West Virginia, egg surveys were conducted during January and February in Barbour, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Randolph, and Tucker Counties, but the few eggs found resulted in the light and spotty defoliation only in Randolph, Pocahontas, and Pendleton Counties.
Orange-striped oakworm
Anisota senatoria
Region 9/Northeastern Area: New Jersey, Pennsylvania
Host(s): Black oak, red oak
Oak trees over thousands of acres in coastal New Jersey were heavily defoliated in residential areas of Ocean and Atlantic Counties. Ground surveys revealed moderate to heavy defoliation to tree species in the red oak group on 123,900 acres in Adams, Bedford, Blair, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Fulton, Huntingdon, Juniata, and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania.
Oystershell scale
Lepidosaphes
ulmi
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Vermont
Host(s):
Beech
In Maine, populations of oystershell scale remained moderate to high on American beech in central and eastern Maine. High populations and resulting branch mortality were noted in the Brownville and Millinocket areas of Maine. Populations in a monitoring plot in Vermont jumped to the highest levels recorded since 1995.
Peach bark beetle
Phloetribus liminaris
Region 9/Northeastern Area: New York
Damage to black cherry in the western and southern parts of New York was noticeable. High populations developed in slash in recently logged areas and in trees damaged by storms. The gum spots resulting from the attacking adults lower lumber grade. Black cherry trees under defoliation and drought stress can be killed.
Periodical cicada
Magicicada
septendecim, M. septendecula, M. cassini
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Ohio
Host(s): Hardwoods
Periodical cicadas emerged in a few spots around Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio. It is not known whether these were stragglers from the very large emergences of the previous years in Ohio, or represent adults emerging prior to the next brood in 2004, or possibly the start of a new brood.
Pine needleminer
Exoteleia pinifoliella
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Pennsylvania
Host(s): Pines
In Pennsylvania, aerial surveys found 4,463 acres of noticeable pine defoliation in Carbon and Lycoming Counties.
Scarlet oak sawfly
Caliroa
quercuscoccineae
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Pennsylvania, West Virginia
Host(s): Black oak, pin oak, red oak
Approximately 1,000 acres of red oak were affected in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. In West Virginia, damage was most severe on 18,400 acres in Lewis and Upshur Counties, but only light and spotty in Barbour, Mason, Preston, and Cabell Counties.
Southern pine beetle
Dendroctonus frontalis
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Delaware, Maryland, Ohio
Host(s): Loblolly pine
No significant active southern pine beetle hot spots were detected over the entire southern part of Delaware. Southern pine beetle populations continue to remain low in southern Maryland, and as of August, no infested pines were reported. One southern pine beetle infestation discovered in Adams County late this year killed about one acre of planted loblolly pine trees. A series of mild winters followed by the drought in 1999 probably allowed this southern species to spread north and infest trees in Ohio.
Spruce beetle
Dendroctonus
rufipennis
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine
Host(s):
White and red spruce
The
condition in many of Maine's coastal spruce stands continued to gradually
decline in 2000. The most immediate
cause of spruce stand deterioration remains the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, but several
predisposing factors (overstocking, overmaturity, lack of management, poor
site) affect tree condition and longevity in these stands. The current spruce beetle infestation remains
confined almost entirely to the central Maine coast around Penobscot Bay.
Striped alder sawfly
Hemichroa
crocea
Location: Maine, Vermont
Host(s):
Birch, alder
Populations of this sawfly rose sharply in 2000 and defoliated spotty areas over several thousand acres across central Maine during July and August. This insect also caused moderate to heavy defoliation of paper birch on several hundred acres in Orleans and Essex Counties, Vermont.
White pine weevil
Pissodes
strobi
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
Host(s):
White pine
In Maine, this pest remained a perennial problem which seriously restricts the growth of white pine by severely damaging branch shoots and terminals. The increased incidence of small tree mortality reported in Maine in recent years may be drought related. In New Hampshire, average incidence of infection statewide is 2.4 percent. In Vermont, the increased available moisture this year may have increased shoot growth, thereby, reducing damage compared with that noted in previous dry years when shoot growth was less.
Yellowheaded spruce sawfly
Pikonema
alaskensis
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine
Host(s):
Black spruce, white spruce, spruces
Damage from this sawfly in Maine dropped to low
levels. Most areas had only trace
amounts of damage although 100 acres were sprayed in northern Maine to prevent
damage. Trees that survived in
previously heavily damaged stands were recovering and trees stands treated in
1997-1999 had little additional damage.
Walkingstick
Diapheromera femorata
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maryland, Pennsylvania
Host(s): Maple, tulip poplar, and other hardwoods
For the second year in a row, a small area of mixed hardwoods on ridge tops at the Green Ridge State Forest, Allegany County, Maryland, received late summer defoliation by walkingsticks. These native insects defoliated the same area of Maryland in 1979. In Pennsylvania, walkingsticks were found on approximately 300 acres of maple and tulip poplar in Fulton County.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio
Host(s): Ash, birches, black locust, elm, horse chestnut, maples, poplar, willow
Spot infestations in Illinois were reported at O’Hare Airport during 2000. Surveys with bucket trucks and tree climbers improved the detection of infested trees, and lightly infested trees were more readily found during 2000. In the Chicago area, 181 trees were destroyed during 2000 compared to 1,243 trees destroyed in 1999. An operational insecticide project was implemented during the summer of 2000. Imidacloprid was applied (trunk and soil injections) to more than 11,000 host trees around the known infestations. Over 1,450 infested trees have been removed in the Chicago area to date. No beetles were reported in the Mid-Atlantic States of Maryland, New Jersey, and Ohio. However, awareness projects focusing on recognition and reporting this serious exotic pest of maples were developed in these States for tree professionals in arboriculture and urban forestry. This destructive insect was discovered in New York, in Brooklyn and on Long Island, during the summer of 1996. Since then, other infestations were discovered in Queens, Manhattan, Bayside, and Islip. A federal quarantine encompasses all known infested areas in Chicago and New York including all newly discovered infested areas. Many of the trees in these areas appear to have been infested for several years. Hardwoods, especially maples, are the preferred hosts of this insect. In an effort to eradicate the insect, surveys continue around the perimeter of the known infestation to identify and remove newly infested trees. Tree planting continues to provide greenery in neighborhoods as the infested trees are cut down and removed from the site.
Balsam woolly adelgid
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Vermont, West Virginia
Host(s): Balsam fir
Browntail moth
Euproctis
chrysorrhoea
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine
Host(s): Red
oak
Data from the annual winter survey show the browntail moth populations to be declining over most of Maine, but intensifying locally in the northern portions of Casco Bay. Webs were located as Far East as Stonington and south to Ogunquit, but numbers were much lower in 2000 than in 1999. Increasing populations of this pest high enough to warrant control in 2001 most likely will be found in the more northern portions of Casco Bay at Freeport and Harpswell.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Delaware, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Vermont, Wisconsin
Host(s): Scotch pine, white pine, pines
Surveys of 94 Christmas tree plantations in Delaware did not find any pine shoot beetle adults. This exotic species previously known from Allegany, Garrett, and Washington Counties, Maryland, was found for the first year in Frederick County. In Ohio, pine shoot beetle surveys conducted in cooperation with APHIS personnel yielded 17 new quarantine counties. This brings the total to 71 out of 88 counties under quarantine. In 2000, 2 new counties were added in Illinois (Macon, DeWitt), and 6 new counties in Indiana (Boone, Clinton, Johnson, Parke, Shelby, and Vermillion). In Michigan and Wisconsin, this pest continues to be a problem in pine plantations. In Maine, trapping surveys were conducted for this beetle in Maine in 1999 and 2000 in central and southern counties. A single beetle was trapped for the first time this year in Oxford County, but it was not found in any infested trees. The Maine Forest Service is working with surrounding jurisdictions, APHIS, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to address quarantine issues associated with this pest. In New Hampshire, the one beetle found in a pheromone trap in Coos County represents the second year a single beetle has been found in the State, but as yet no infested trees have been found . In New York, where the insect was first found in 1993, 32 counties across the State are known to be infested and a federal quarantine remains in effect in these areas. No damage to pines was detected in Vermont, but an adult trapped in Caledonia County was a new county record.
European pine shoot moth
Rhyacionia
buoliana
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine
Host(s):
Jack and red pine
Populations remained relatively stable in Maine with tip mortality continuing to be spotty and light.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin
Host(s): Apple, aspen, basswood, black walnut, northern red oak, pin oak, red oak, white oak
In Connecticut, above average precipitation starting in April and continuing throughout July most likely contributed to the decline of gypsy moth populations during the summer of 2000. Entomophaga maimaiga, the pathogenic fungus that has been killing gypsy moth larvae throughout the region since 1989, grows best under moist conditions. Indiana reported defoliation on only single yard trees in DeKalb and Steuben Counties, but larvae collected on these were enough to establish the presence of Entomophaga maimaiga and the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus for the first time in that state. Gypsy moth populations are increasing in southern and central Maine and larval feeding is likely to result in widespread defoliation of hardwoods in 2001. A July aerial survey delineated 2,543 acres of hardwood defoliation exceeding 66 percent, the largest extent of defoliation seen since 1993. In Massachusetts, noticeable defoliation occurred on 64,000 acres, the highest record since 1994. In Maryland, 22,781 acres of defoliation were reported in Allegany, Baltimore, Carroll, Cecil, Dorchester, Frederick, Howard, Montgomery, Prince Georges, and Washington Counties. In New Jersey, 15 of the 21 counties reported approximately 135,731 acres of defoliation. In the generally infested part of Ohio, nearly 25,722 acres were defoliated in 16 counties. West and south of the generally infested area in Ohio, the gypsy moth is moving toward metropolitan areas of Columbus. In Pennsylvania, approximately 834,815 acres of defoliation were reported in 32 counties concentrated in the central part of the State. In West Virginia, 253,730 acres of defoliation were reported in 16 counties, mostly in the eastern panhandle and along the Virginia border. Defoliation on other Federal lands amounted to 6,476 acres as follows: 272 acres in Maryland (Chesapeake Marshlands National Wildlife Complex, Catoctin Mountain Park, and Harper’s Ferry National Historic Park); 453 acres in New Jersey (Delaware Water Gap, Earle Naval Weapons Station and Picatinny Arsenal); 277 acres in Ohio (Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Mosquito Creek Lake, and Ravenna Training and Logistics Center); 5,387 acres in Pennsylvania (Alvin R. Bush Dam, Letterkenny Army Depot, and Raystown Lake); and 4 acres in West Virginia at Harper’s Ferry NHP. Gypsy moth populations decreased nearly 50 percent in Michigan where defoliated acres went from 176,625 acres in 1999 to 96,929 acres in 2,000. In eastern Wisconsin (Brookfield and Milwaukee), where gypsy moth is established, the population continues to increase. A few communities have begun to experience defoliation such as occurred on 30 acres in oak dominated parkland in Outagamie County, Wisconsin. In New Hampshire, very light defoliation was scattered over 2,500 acres of Rockingham County. Defoliation acreage in New York has been relatively low in recent years; however, 27,000 acres were defoliated by gypsy moth in the state in 2000, most notably in Ulster County. In Rhode Island, an area of 5,000 acres was heavily defoliated. No significant defoliation was observed in Vermont.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Adelges tsugae
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia
Host(s): Eastern hemlock
In Maryland, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) continues to move westward and new populations can now be found at Rocky Gap State Park, Allegany County. In New Jersey, HWA populations declined by over 95 percent in some areas due to extremely cold temperatures in January; however, despite this decline, hemlock mortality occurred in the northwest corner of the state. In Pennsylvania, hemlock woolly adelgid damaged approximately 2,883 acres in Monroe, Northampton, and Pike Counties. HWA moved west and south in Pennsylvania and was reported for the first time in Fulton, Sullivan, Union, and Wyoming Counties. In West Virginia, hemlock woolly adelgid was reported in two new counties (Mercer and Summers). Elsewhere in West Virginia where HWA has been established for a while, the hemlock resource was impacted more severely by both HWA and 1999 drought which caused severe needle loss and lower branch dieback at numerous sites. HWA was first introduced into Connecticut in 1985 and now occurs there statewide. HWA was identified in ten ornamental out planting sites in the central, coastal, and southern Maine counties of Penobscot, Hancock, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc, and York. Surveys and searches conducted in areas surrounding each of the infested ornamental sites failed to find signs or symptoms of HWA in nearby native hemlocks. In Massachusetts, infestations were found in 20 new communities, including a first time find in Berkshire County. In New Hampshire, HWA was found for the first time on approximately 50 trees in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (Rockingham County) where it is currently being eradicated. In New York, HWA was not found in any new counties during 2000; however, it had spread to other towns in counties where it was previously found. The damage from the HWA throughout Rhode Island has been compounded by another exotic hemlock pest, the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa, and by drought conditions lingering from 1999.
Pear thrips
Taeniothrips
inconsequens
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
Host(s): Red
maple, sugar maple
Populations remained low and spotty in Maine in 2000. In New Hampshire, damage from ground surveys was light and scattered. Populations were down in Vermont from 1999 and little defoliation occurred.
Red Pine Scale
Region
9/Northeastern Area: Connecticut,
Massachusetts
Host(s): Red Pine
This pest occurs statewide in Connecticut and was recently found in
Hampden County, Massachusetts.
Satin moth
Leucoma
salicis
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Vermont
Host(s):
Aspen
Defoliation of woodland aspen trees in Maine increased in 2000 for the third consecutive year. The infestation continued to expand from the previously infested areas in central Penobscot and Piscataquis Counties, Maine. Over the last three years, the defoliation in Maine has increased from 150 acres of moderate to heavy defoliation in 1998 through 3,767 acres in 1999 to 5,337 acres in 2000. In Vermont, defoliation was mostly light and less area was affected than in 1999.
Smaller Japanese cedar longhorn beetle
Callidellum
rufipenne
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Connecticut
Host(s):
Northern white-cedar or eastern arborvitae and junipers
The smaller cedar longhorn beetle, a native to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and eastern China, was first seen in the United States in Milford, Connecticut, in 1998 in the branch of a live arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis. A quarantine remained in effect in several northeastern counties. Cedar trap logs have been used by the Northeastern States to detect this exotic pest.
Annosus Root Rot
Heterobasidion annosum
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Wisconsin
Host(s): Red pine
Annosus Root Rot, which had first been reported in Wisconsin in 1993 killing trees in a red pine plantation in Adams County, was discovered in eight "pockets" (infection centers) in four counties of this state during 2000.
Anthracnose
Gnomonia spp.
Region 9/Northeastern
Area: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Rhode Island
Severe spring blighting occurred on sycamore throughout the Northeastern States. In Pennsylvania, aerial surveys revealed 534 acres of oaks in Carbon County damaged by this disease. In Massachusetts, anthracnose was prevalent due to the abundant rainfall and warm temperatures favorable for the fungus. Severe incidence of anthracnose disease occurred in southern New Hampshire. Damage was widespread in Vermont on many tree species due to wet weather throughout the growing season. In Rhode Island, the wet spring and summer supported high levels of anthracnose on several hardwood species.
Eastern
dwarf mistletoe
Arceuthobium pusillum
Region 9/Northeastern
Area: Maine, New Hamphire, New York,
Vermont
Host(s): Black spruce, red spruce, white spruce
Severe damage resulting from infection by this parasitic plant continued to occur in stands of white spruce in coastal areas of Maine. Evidence of significant mistletoe infestation was noted on coastal headlands and islands from Machias in the east to the Boothbay region in the west. Dwarf mistletoe also frequently occurred on black spruce in inland bogs, and on red spruce in many forest situations. In New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, dwarf mistletoe infection remained at the same levels noted in previous years.
Oak wilt
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, West Virginia
Host(s): Black oak, bur oak, pin oak, red oak, scarlet oak
Oak wilt killed numerous trees in northern Ohio this
year, particularly at two disease centers in Cuyahoga and Portage
Counties. In West Virginia, aerial oak
wilt surveys were conducted in the same counties previously flown for the past
six years. Active oak wilt disease
centers were concentrated in Grant and Hardy Counties, West Virginia. In Minnesota, oak wilt increased in
Sherburne and Wright Counties due to the previous years’ storms, and oak wilt
was reported for the first time in Pine County. Oak wilt continued to increase in Michigan in
scattered pockets around the Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula. In Wisconsin, more oak wilt pockets were
found this summer in Spread Eagle, Florence County, where all the new sites
were located within 1 mile of last year’s infection center. Oak wilt caused tree mortality across Iowa
with 388 new infected acres reported in 2000.
DISEASES: NON-NATIVE
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia
Hosts(s): American beech
This exotic disease, now found in a large area of the northeastern United States, was introduced to Maine in the early 1930’s. It continued to spread and kill or reduce the quality of beech stems throughout the region. However, the disease does not threaten to eliminate beech from the northeastern forests because some trees are resistant, and even susceptible trees sprout profusely from roots when they are damaged, killed or harvested. Significantly, this disease was reported during 2000 for the first time in both peninsulas of Michigan. The presence of the beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga, was confirmed in Ludington State Park, along the Lake Michigan shore in central Lower Peninsula. Subsequently, it was discovered in several areas in the Upper Peninsula as well. Beech mortality and decline are associated with the scale in both locations with the causal agent Nectria galligena confirmed in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Dutch elm disease
Hosts(s): American elm
Symptoms of this disease were conspicuous throughout the Northeastern States. Many old elms that escaped the initial wave of infection now succumb each year, at least partially because more aggressive strains of the disease organism have developed. In Wilmington, Delaware, surveys established that Dutch elm disease incidence increased within the city. Twenty percent of approximately 250 total American elms showed varied types of symptoms. In the District of Columbia, disease surveys conducted on the remaining 8,000 American elms planted throughout the Nation’s Capital revealed a disease incidence of 4.9 percent. Infected American elms there have been either pruned or removed in order to help minimize the spread of the disease. In Maryland and Ohio, road surveys determined a continued Dutch elm disease presence in American elms throughout these States. In the Lake States, this disease is endemic throughout the region.
European larch canker
Lachnellula willkommii
Region 9/Northeastern
Area: Maine
Host(s): Larch
European larch canker, first found on native larch (tamarack) in southeastern Maine in 1981, is now thought to have been in the State since the 1960s. Because larch canker has the potential for serious damage to both native larch stands and reforestation projects using non-native larches, Maine and other states continue to maintain this disease under state and federal quarantine.
Cronartium ribicola
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Minnesota, Michigan, West Virginia, Wisconsin
Host(s): Eastern white pine
This disease remained common, but static at moderate levels throughout the Northeastern Region. In Mercer, Monroe, Pocahontas, and Summers Counties, West Virginia, white pine forests over 9,973 acres were surveyed for this disease. Ground surveys found active blister rust cankers on 144 trees in these West Virginia counties. Blister rust is endemic throughout the range of white pine in the Great Lakes region where the risk of infection is highest. The question of the validity of risk zone maps for white pine blister rust was addressed this year in a comparison study of disease incidence across Wisconsin's four risk zones. Stem cankers occurred on an average of 4.8 percent of surveyed trees, whereas branch cankers were observed on another 3 percent. Incidence levels of rust were significantly higher for trees bordering the edge of plantations where the alternate host, Ribes, was present in adjacent woods or fencerows. The proximity of Ribes had the greatest influence on the incidence of this disease. The average incidence of infection statewide in New Hampshire was 2.4 percent. In New York, the rust fungus was believed to persist at varying levels of infection with wild Ribes species. In Maine, high quality pine timber on 2,970 acres was scouted for Ribes plants in the Androscoggin County towns of Livermore, Livermore Falls, Leeds, Greene, and Turner and 1,285 Ribes plants were destroyed. Infection levels in Vermont varied and incidence levels as high as 60 percent were found in one pole-sized stand.
Butternut
canker
Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum
Region 9/Northeastern Area:
Regionwide, featuring Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
New York, Rhode Island, Vermont
Host(s): Butternut
Incidence of the disease continued throughout the Northeastern Region. In Connecticut, 92 percent of monitored butternut trees were infected across the state. Butternut canker was first found in Maine in 1993, and by 2000 had been found in most of Maine except Washington County. In some states, butternut harvesting guidelines are in effect and even harvesting moratoriums exist because there is considerable evidence that resistant individual butternut trees are present within the native population. In New Hampshire, the disease was prevalent statewide. The State continued a project to graft butternut trees that seem to exhibit resistance to butternut canker. This disease has been found in 36 counties in New York. Existing infestations of the canker were reported throughout Rhode Island. In Vermont, the disease was common on butternut trees statewide.
Dogwood Anthracnose
Discula species
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Regionwide, featuring Delaware, Maryland, New York, West Virginia
Host(s): Flowering dogwood
This disease has spread throughout the range of
flowering dogwood in the Northeastern States.
The incidence of dogwood anthracnose continued to be prevalent in all
three Delaware counties with dead and dying dogwood trees quite noticeable in
many areas of the state. Dogwood
anthracnose was found in all counties in Maryland. Diseased and dying trees were found in all counties in West Virginia. A new record for this disease was found in
Erie County, New York, bringing the total number of infected counties to 31 in
that state.
DECLINES/COMPLEXES
Ash Decline
Region 9/Northeastern Area: New Hampshire
Host(s):
White ash
This decline is scattered throughout New Hampshire
with ash yellows as a possible cause.
Bacterial leaf scorch
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Delaware, New Jersey
Host(s): Northern red oak, scarlet oak, and pin oak
In Wilmington, Delaware, symptoms of the disease recently have been observed on several oak species. Ground surveys this year found bacterial leaf scorch to be prevalent in southwestern New Jersey and it is likely that approximately one quarter of the state may be affected. Aerial surveys determined the disease was more concentrated in urban areas than in woodlands. Extensive ground surveys conducted this year in Moorestown, New Jersey, revealed that approximately 30 percent of urban oaks were affected.
Brown ash decline
Fraxinus
nigra
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine
Host(s):
Black ash (brown ash)
Most black ash, Fraxinus nigra, (referred to as brown ash in Maine), recovered from the statewide decline that first became apparent in 1989. Recovering trees continued to rebuild their crowns after an extended period of profound decline during the last decade.
Elm yellows
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia
Host(s): American elm, slippery elm
In Maryland and Ohio, roadside surveys reported elm yellows in the crown of scattered elms. In Maryland, the disease did not extend eastward beyond Frederick County. In Pennsylvania, the disease was found in several more counties so that now most of the State is affected. In West Virginia, the disease both this year and last has been confined to about 300,000 acres in Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties.
Larch
stressors - Larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii, and Eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, Vermont
Host(s):
Eastern larch
In Maine, native eastern larch and some larch hybrids, continue to exhibit high levels of stress from several factors, including insect defoliators and significantly fluctuating water levels. Areas of mortality continued to increase slightly in 2000. Nearly complete defoliated by larch sawfly has persisted in scattered larch stands since 1997. This amount of defoliation for two successive seasons has caused branch, top, and whole tree mortality in several areas. In Vermont, larch decline continued in locations where larch casebearer damage has been periodic and the eastern larch beetle often attacked defoliated trees in these stands.
Hemlock decline
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Vermont
Host(s):
Eastern hemlock
In Vermont, browning foliage and shoot desiccation were widely
observed in late winter and early spring on ledges, roadsides, and where sites
were poorly drained or disturbed.
Hemlock borer was sometimes associated with symptomatic trees. Warm
early winter temperatures may have contributed to the decline.
White pine decline
Region 9/Northeastern
Area: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
Host(s): White pine
White pines in many forest stands in southwestern
Maine continued to experience stress initiated by the drought during the summer
of 1995. While drought was the
"trigger" starting the decline of many trees, significant site
factors and a variety of secondary organisms have continued to extend the
mortality. Mortality was greatest among
pole-sized trees. Despite the
widespread nature of the 1995 drought, the decline was not seen in all
stands. In New Hampshire, decline
appeared in various stands across the central part the state, where many trees
had Caliciopsis cankering on the upper stem.
In Vermont, chlorotic foliage and casting of previous year’s needles
were widespread by early June. Most
symptomatic trees were along roadsides or in wet areas. Symptoms associated with Caliciopsis
fruiting were abundant in some central Vermont stands, and pockets of unexplained
decline remained in southern Vermont.
Ips bark beetles killed some trees stressed by drought, especially in
ice-damaged areas.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia
Host(s): Red oak, hardwoods and softwoods
In the mid-Atlantic region, the wet spring of 2000 improved growing conditions for trees over the marginal growing conditions which existed during the severe drought of the previous year. However, the lingering effects of the 1999 drought persisted in the oak forests of Delaware where red and white oaks showed stress symptoms by refoliating early in the year. Likewise, trees in Pike County, Pennsylvania, showed symptoms of dieback and decline on 460 acres. In Indiana, the drought of 1999 was so debilitating that certain tree species (yellow poplar and oaks) showed significantly altered crown conditions (reduced density and increased transparency) on about half the state’s 4.5 million forested acres. The growth of yellow poplar in all size classes declined to such a degree in south central Indiana, that foresters favored their selective removal during harvesting. In Missouri, the impacts of continuing record setting drought conditions was the overriding forest health concern this year as warm, dry weather patterns initiated in July 1999 generally continued throughout the winter and spring of 2000. Except for a break in the dry weather patterns from the wettest June on record, the hot and dry conditions returned in late summer to southern and western Missouri. Despite high precipitation amounts in June and near normal rainfall in some areas later in the year, subsoil moisture levels remained low in many locations. By November 2000, some locations in southern Missouri had an accumulated precipitation deficit of more than 20 inches. Many trees, especially street trees, in Massachusetts showed signs of stress from the 1998 and 1999 drought. Some trees in southeastern New York and the Lower Hudson Valley showed the effects of stress caused by the 1999 drought. The most severe effects appeared on ridge tops and other areas with shallow soils. Northern white cedar, eastern white pine and eastern hemlock mortality in the Lake George and Lake Champlain region occurred. Many tree species in Rhode Island showed signs of drought stress from the previous three growing seasons. Green ash and white ash were particularly affected, with thin tufted crowns. In Vermont, symptoms incited by the 1999 drought were observed on a variety of species, especially ash, maple, hemlock, red spruce, and white pine. The symptoms were especially common for trees growing on disturbed, wet, or shallow sites, or those with physical wounds.
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Pennsylvania
Host(s): American beech
In Pennsylvania, frost damaged American beech foliage on 100,000 acres in Tioga County and discolored foliage on another 455 acres in Lackawanna County.
Ice Damage
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont
Host(s):
Various hardwoods and conifers
Throughout the affected area, most surviving trees damaged by “The Ice Storm of 1998” showed significant crown recovery. Tree species that can sprout from damaged portions of their crowns displayed lush foliage because of the substantial spring and early summer moisture. Species that recovered best from the significant crown loss in 1998 include white ash, red oak, and sugar maple. Despite the fact that certain trees lost up to 75 percent of their crowns during the ice storm, new crowns subsequently developing in these stunted trees appear normal. Several other species, such as aspen and red maple, showed a lesser degree of crown improvement. By contrast with these hardwoods, softwood species that lost significant portions of their crowns showed little or no crown recovery. Several hardwood species such as birch and American beech apparently lack the ability to rebuild their crowns significantly through sprouts, and consequently, have shown little or no recovery .
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin
Host(s): Various hardwoods species
Wind damage in Minnesota this year dropped dramatically to 1,740 acres from the 465,882 acres of catastrophic damage in 1999. Trees in 50 acres blew down along the edge of Umbagog Lake in Coos County, New Hampshire. On another 600 contiguous acres in Essex County, New York, extensive branch breakage was common from a late August windstorm. A 20-acre area of maple, beech, and birch trees in Potter and Tioga Counties, Pennsylvania, was damaged by high winds. Wind and hail damage from three separate storms affected 208,583 acres across Wisconsin.
UNKNOWN
Region 9/Northeastern Area: Ohio, Pennsylvania
Host(s): Oaks, yellow-poplar
In Ohio, yellow-poplar discoloration over 505,622 acres was visible during aerial surveys. Aerial surveys also showed 1,735 acres of damage to oaks in Monroe and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania.
FPIS TABLES FOR 2000 INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS REPORT
FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM (FPIS
Region: 9 Date: 2000 Name of Preparers: Acciavatti/Butalla
|
|
|
Land |
Acres |
Volume |
Number |
Number |
|
Pest |
State |
Ownership |
Infested |
Killed |
of Trees |
of SPB |
|
|
|
Class |
(thousands) |
(MCF) |
Killed |
Spots |
|
|
|
|
(1 decimal |
(1 decimal) |
(thousands) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM |
CT |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MA |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
64.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MD |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
22.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ME |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MI |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
FPIS TABLES FOR 2000 INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS REPORT
FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM (FPIS
Region: 9 Date: 2000 Name of Preparers: Acciavatti/Butalla
|
|
|
Land |
Acres |
Volume |
Number |
Number |
|
Pest |
State |
Ownership |
Infested |
Killed |
of Trees |
of SPB |
|
|
|
Class |
(thousands) |
(MCF) |
Killed |
Spots |
|
|
|
|
(1 decimal |
(1 decimal) |
(thousands) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM |
MI |
1 |
9.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
96.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NH |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NJ |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
132.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NY |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
27.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OH |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
23.3 |
|
|
|
FPIS TABLES FOR 2000 INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS REPORT
FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM (FPIS
Region: 9 Date: 2000 Name of Preparers: Acciavatti/Butalla
|
|
|
Land |
Acres |
Volume |
Number |
Number |
|
Pest |
State |
Ownership |
Infested |
Killed |
of Trees |
of SPB |
|
|
|
Class |
(thousands) |
(MCF) |
Killed |
Spots |
|
|
|
|
(1 decimal |
(1 decimal) |
(thousands) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GM |
PA |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
837.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RI |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
5.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WI |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WV |
1 |
65.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
257.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
FPIS TABLES FOR 2000 INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS REPORT
FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM (FPIS
Region: 9 Date: 2000 Name of Preparers: Acciavatti/Butalla
|
|
|
Land |
Acres |
Volume |
Number |
Number |
|
Pest |
State |
Ownership |
Infested |
Killed |
of Trees |
of SPB |
|
|
|
Class |
(thousands) |
(MCF) |
Killed |
Spots |
|
|
|
|
(1 decimal |
(1 decimal) |
(thousands) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SB |
MN |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
28.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|